-
1 kirkeår
ecclesiastical year. -
2 kirkkovuosi
• ecclesiastical year -
3 Kirchenjahr
n ecclesiastical year* * *Kịr|chen|jahrntchurch or ecclesiastical year* * *Kir·chen·jahrnt ecclesiastical [or church] year* * *das ecclesiastical year; Church year* * *Kirchenjahr n ecclesiastical year* * *das ecclesiastical year; Church year -
4 anno
m yearbuon anno! Happy New Year!anno finanziario financial yearanno scolastico school yearquanti anni hai? how old are you?ho 33 anni I'm 33 (years old)* * *anno s.m.1 year: l'anno scorso, last year; l'anno prossimo, venturo, next year; l'anno che viene, the year to come; un anno dopo l'altro, year in year out (o year after year o year by year); di anno in anno, from year to year; col passare degli anni, as years go, went by; due volte all'anno, twice a year; durante tutto l'anno, all year round; per molti anni di fila, for many years on end; per un certo numero di anni, for some years; tutti gli anni, every year; in capo a un anno sarà ministro, before the end of the year (o the year is out) he will be a minister // anno bisestile, leap year; anno scolastico, school year; anno accademico, academic year; anno civile, civil (o calendar) year; anno giuridico, legal year; anno finanziario, financial year; l'anno in corso, the current year // (agr.) anno agricolo, farmer's year // (astr.): anno anomalistico, periodico, anomalistic year; anno luce, light year; anno solare, calendar year // (eccl.) Anno Santo, Holy (o Jubilee) Year // gli anni '20, '30 ecc., the twenties, thirties ecc. // quest'anno è l'anno internazionale della donna, this year is international women's year // i migliori anni della nostra vita, the best years of our lives; nel fiore degli anni, in the prime of life; gli anni verdi, early years // studente del terzo anno, student in his third year // è stato un anno a novembre, it was a year last November; sarà un anno a ottobre, it will be a year in (o next) October // carico di anni, advanced in age; essere avanti negli anni, to be on in years; finire, compiere gli anni, to have one's birthday; levarsi gli anni, to knock a few years off one's age; portare bene gli anni, not to look one's age // aspettare l'anno nuovo, to see the New Year in; augurare a qlcu. Buon Anno, to wish s.o. a happy New Year; anno nuovo vita nuova, a new year brings a fresh start2 ( periodo di tempo lungo e indeterminato) a long time: cent'anni, mill'anni, a very long (o undefined) time; sono cent'anni che non vi vedo, I have not seen you for years and years (o for such a long time), (fam.) I haven't seen you for a month of Sundays (o it is donkey's years since I saw you o I haven't seen you for donkey's years); è un anno che lo aspetto, I have been waiting for him a long time (o for ages)3 ( nelle indicazioni di età): di età tra i tredici e i diciannove anni, teenage (attr.); ragazzo tra i tredici e i diciannove anni, teenager (o teenage boy); essere tra i tredici e i diciannove anni, to be in one's teens; poteva essere tra i quaranta e i cinquant'anni, he could have been any age between forty and fifty; ''Quanti anni hai?'' ''Ho vent'anni'', ''How old are you?'' ''I am twenty (years old)''; avere poco più di trent'anni, to be in one's early thirties; essere nel tredicesimo anno, to be in one's thirteenth year; un bambino di sette anni, a child of seven (o a seven-year-old child).* * *['anno]1. sm1) yearanno per o dopo anno — year after year
sono anni che non ti vedo — it's been ages since I last saw you, I haven't seen you for ages o years
correva l'anno di grazia... — it was in the year of grace...
gli anni di piombo — the Seventies in Italy, a time of terrorist outrages
2)quanti anni hai? — ho 40 anni — how old are you? — I'm 402.* * *['anno] 1.sostantivo maschile1) (periodo di 12 mesi) yearl'anno corrente o in corso the current year; quest'anno this year; l'anno prossimo o venturo next year; l'anno scorso o passato last year; di anno in anno year by year; due -i fa two years ago; da qui a un anno between now and next year; nel corso degli -i over the years; nel corso dell'anno during the year; tutto l'anno all (the) year round; nell'anno di grazia 1604 in the year of our Lord 1604; guadagnare 20.000 sterline l'anno to earn Ј 20,000 a year; il primo, l'ultimo dell'anno New Year's (Day), New Year's Eve; buon anno! felice anno nuovo! — Happy New Year!
2) (di età)"quanti -i hai?" - "ho vent'-i" — "how old are you?" - "I'm twenty years old"
un ragazzo di sedici -i — a sixteen-year(-old) boy, a boy of sixteen
essere avanti o in là negli -i to be advanced in years; portare bene gli -i to look good for one's age; sentire il peso degli -i to feel one's age; migliorare con gli -i — to improve with age
3) scol. univ.2.studente del primo anno — first year student, fresher BE, freshman AE
anno finanziario — fiscal o financial BE year
anno solare — solar o calendar year
* * *anno/'anno/ ⇒ 19, 8I sostantivo m.1 (periodo di 12 mesi) year; l'anno corrente o in corso the current year; quest'anno this year; l'anno prossimo o venturo next year; l'anno scorso o passato last year; di anno in anno year by year; due -i fa two years ago; da qui a un anno between now and next year; nel corso degli -i over the years; nel corso dell'anno during the year; tutto l'anno all (the) year round; nell'anno di grazia 1604 in the year of our Lord 1604; guadagnare 20.000 sterline l'anno to earn £ 20,000 a year; il primo, l'ultimo dell'anno New Year's (Day), New Year's Eve; buon anno! felice anno nuovo! Happy New Year!2 (di età) "quanti -i hai?" - "ho vent'-i" "how old are you?" - "I'm twenty years old"; un ragazzo di sedici -i a sixteen-year(-old) boy, a boy of sixteen; essere avanti o in là negli -i to be advanced in years; portare bene gli -i to look good for one's age; sentire il peso degli -i to feel one's age; migliorare con gli -i to improve with age3 scol. univ. essere all'ultimo anno (della scuola elementare) to be in the top class (at primary school); studente del primo anno first year student, fresher BE, freshman AEII anni m.pl.(epoca) gli -i '80 the eightiesanno accademico academic year; anno bisestile leap year; anno civile calendar year; anno finanziario fiscal o financial BE year; anno giudiziario legal year; anno liturgico ecclesiastical year; anno luce light year; anno santo Holy Year; anno scolastico school year; anno solare solar o calendar year. -
5 церковный год
1) Religion: church year, liturgical year, liturgucal year2) Christianity: ecclesiastical year -
6 kirkeår
subst. ecclesiastical year, church year -
7 Kirchenjahr
n1. church year2. ecclesiastical year -
8 elul
Elul; sixth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year -
9 siban
Sivan/Siban; third month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year -
10 tebeth
Tebet/Tebeth; tenth month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year -
11 anno liturgico
-
12 abandonar
v.1 to leave (place).María abandonó la habitación rápidamente Mary abandoned the room quickly.2 to leave (person).3 to give up (estudios).abandonó la carrera en el tercer año she dropped out of university in her third year, she gave up her studies in her third year4 to abandon, to desert, to forsake, to bail out on.Pedro abandonó a su familia Peter abandoned his family.Silvia abandonó sus sueños por Pedro Silvia abandoned her dreams for Peter.5 to quit, to cease trying, to desist, to give up.María abandonó Mary quit.6 to check out on.* * *1 (desamparar) to abandon, forsake2 (lugar) to leave, quit3 (actividad) to give up, withdraw from4 (traicionar) to desert5 (renunciar) to relinquish, renounce6 (descuidar) to neglect7 DEPORTE (retirarse) to withdraw from1 (descuidarse) to neglect oneself, let oneself go2 (entregarse) to give oneself up (a, to)3 (ceder) to give in* * *verb1) to abandon2) desert3) leave4) neglect5) give up6) renounce•* * *1. VT1) (=dejar abandonado) [+ cónyuge, hijo] to abandon, desert; [+ animal, casa, posesiones] to abandon; [+ obligaciones] to neglectla abandonó por otra mujer — he abandoned o deserted her for another woman
tuvimos que abandonar nuestras pertenencias en la huida — we had to abandon all our belongings when we fled
2) (=marcharse de) [+ lugar, organización] to leave3) (=renunciar a) [+ estudios, proyecto] to give up, abandon; [+ costumbre, cargo] to give up; [+ privilegio, título] to renounce, relinquishhemos abandonado la idea de montar un negocio — we have given up o abandoned the idea of starting a business
he decidido abandonar la política — I've decided to give up o abandon politics
si el tratamiento no da resultado lo abandonaremos — if the treatment doesn't work, we'll abandon it
se comprometieron a abandonar sus reivindicaciones territoriales — they promised to renounce o relinquish their territorial claims
4) [buen humor, suerte] to desert2. VI1) (Atletismo) [antes de la prueba] to pull out, withdraw; [durante la prueba] to pull out, retire2) (Boxeo) to concede defeat, throw in the towel * o (EEUU) sponge3) (Ajedrez) to resign, concede4) (Inform) to quit3.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) (frml) < lugar> to leavelas tropas abandonaron el área — the troops pulled out of o left the area
b) <familia/bebé> to leave, abandon; <marido/amante> to leave; <coche/barco> to abandon2) fuerzas to desert3)a) <actividad/propósito/esperanza> to give upabandonó la lucha — he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle
abandonar los estudios — to drop out of school/college
b) (Dep) <carrera/partido> to retire, pull out2.abandonar vi (Dep)a) (antes de la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull outb) (iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; ( en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat3.abandonarse v pron1) ( entregarse)abandonarse a algo — a vicios/placeres to abandon oneself to something
2) ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go* * *= abandon, abort, drop, eschew, give up, quit, relinquish, stop, leave + wandering in, forsake, sweep aside, desert, opt out of, scrap, pull back, ditch, surrender, bail out, bargain away, dump, maroon, flake out, leave by + the wayside, get away, desist, go + cold turkey, walk out on, walk out, jump + ship.Ex. The Library of Congress has now reconsidered the position, and abandoned what was known as its compatible headings policy.Ex. It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.Ex. Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.Ex. However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.Ex. If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.Ex. If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.Ex. The Library will consider relinquishing them only when there is strong assurance that their transfer would not adversely affect the library community.Ex. Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.Ex. It is our professional duty to help the reader, leading him from author to author, book to book, with enough sure-footed confidence that he is guided up the literary mountain and not left wandering in the viewless foothills because of one's own incompetence.Ex. Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.Ex. The development of optical fibres for information transmission has exciting potential here, but there is a very large investment in the present systems which cannot be swept aside overnight.Ex. Recently, however, libraries have deserted the individual and have pandered too much to the needs of the general public.Ex. The author takes a critical look at the UK government's education policy with regard to schools' ' opting out' of local government control.Ex. There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.Ex. To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.Ex. It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.Ex. Instead the two ecclesiastical disputes which arose from Diocletian's decree to surrender scriptures must be seen as more disastrous to Christian unity than the destruction of libraries.Ex. In the article ' Bailing out' 9 of the 10 librarians interviewed admitted that they were trying to get out of librarianship partly due to unrealistic expectations learned in library school.Ex. Reduced support is a fact of life, and librarians cannot bargain away their budget pressures.Ex. The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.Ex. A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.Ex. The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.Ex. She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.Ex. Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.Ex. One of them sputtered and gesticulated with sufficient violence to induce us to desist.Ex. Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.Ex. There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.Ex. At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.Ex. A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.----* abandonar el barco = abandon + ship.* abandonar las armas = put down + weapons.* abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.* abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.* abandonarse = go to + seed.* abandonarse a = abandon + Reflexivo + to.* abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.* abandonar (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.* abandonar un hábito = stop + habit.* abandonar un lugar = quit + Lugar.* estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.* estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.* no abandonar = stick with, stand by.* persona que abandona Algo = quitter.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) (frml) < lugar> to leavelas tropas abandonaron el área — the troops pulled out of o left the area
b) <familia/bebé> to leave, abandon; <marido/amante> to leave; <coche/barco> to abandon2) fuerzas to desert3)a) <actividad/propósito/esperanza> to give upabandonó la lucha — he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggle
abandonar los estudios — to drop out of school/college
b) (Dep) <carrera/partido> to retire, pull out2.abandonar vi (Dep)a) (antes de la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull outb) (iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; ( en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat3.abandonarse v pron1) ( entregarse)abandonarse a algo — a vicios/placeres to abandon oneself to something
2) ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go* * *= abandon, abort, drop, eschew, give up, quit, relinquish, stop, leave + wandering in, forsake, sweep aside, desert, opt out of, scrap, pull back, ditch, surrender, bail out, bargain away, dump, maroon, flake out, leave by + the wayside, get away, desist, go + cold turkey, walk out on, walk out, jump + ship.Ex: The Library of Congress has now reconsidered the position, and abandoned what was known as its compatible headings policy.
Ex: It is important to know what police or fire responses are triggered by alarms and how that reaction can be aborted and the alarm silenced.Ex: Unfruitful lines of enquiry are dropped and new and more promising search terms are introduced as the search progresses.Ex: However, most contributors to the debate about the future of SLIS have eschewed practicalities in favour of sweeping and dramatic generalizations.Ex: If support for quality cataloging is not going to be given, I think we should give it up entirely.Ex: If you decide not to send or save the message, replace the question mark in front of ' Quit' with another character.Ex: The Library will consider relinquishing them only when there is strong assurance that their transfer would not adversely affect the library community.Ex: Program function key 1 (FP1) tells DOBIS/LIBIS to stop whatever it is doing and go back to the function selection screen.Ex: It is our professional duty to help the reader, leading him from author to author, book to book, with enough sure-footed confidence that he is guided up the literary mountain and not left wandering in the viewless foothills because of one's own incompetence.Ex: Indeed, she was delighted to forsake the urban reality of steel and glass, traffic and crime, aspirin and litter, for the sort of over-the-fence friendliness of the smaller city.Ex: The development of optical fibres for information transmission has exciting potential here, but there is a very large investment in the present systems which cannot be swept aside overnight.Ex: Recently, however, libraries have deserted the individual and have pandered too much to the needs of the general public.Ex: The author takes a critical look at the UK government's education policy with regard to schools' ' opting out' of local government control.Ex: There have even been rumours of plans to scrap most of the industrial side of its work and disperse key elements, such as the work on regional and industrial aid, to the provinces.Ex: To pull back now would make both her and him look bad.Ex: It is time that higher education institutions accepted the wisdom of collaboration and ditched, once and for all, the rhetoric of competition = Ya es hora de que las instituciones de enseñanza superior acepten la colaboración y rechacen, de una vez por todas, la competitividad.Ex: Instead the two ecclesiastical disputes which arose from Diocletian's decree to surrender scriptures must be seen as more disastrous to Christian unity than the destruction of libraries.Ex: In the article ' Bailing out' 9 of the 10 librarians interviewed admitted that they were trying to get out of librarianship partly due to unrealistic expectations learned in library school.Ex: Reduced support is a fact of life, and librarians cannot bargain away their budget pressures.Ex: The books may simply be laid before the librarian as they are found, ' dumped in his lap', as one writer puts it.Ex: A seemingly simple tale of schoolboys marooned on an island, the novel 'Lord of the Flies' is an enigmatic and provocative piece of literature.Ex: The actress flaked out again and the director is trying to line up a replacement.Ex: She seeks to recontextualize those events that history has estranged, destroyed or capriciously left by the wayside.Ex: Guards in the lead car of the convoy threw their doors open and ran for cover, screaming, 'Get away, get away'.Ex: One of them sputtered and gesticulated with sufficient violence to induce us to desist.Ex: Judging by the critical responses to the article so far, it looks like the world isn't quite ready to go cold turkey on its religion addiction.Ex: There are many thankless jobs in this world, but does that mean you can just walk out on them for your own selfish reasons?.Ex: At least five members of the audience walked out during the bishop's address.Ex: A new study suggests that up to 40% of currently employed individuals are ready to jump ship once the economy rebounds.* abandonar el barco = abandon + ship.* abandonar las armas = put down + weapons.* abandonar los estudios = drop out (from school), drop out of + school.* abandonar los servicios de Alguien = drop out.* abandonarse = go to + seed.* abandonarse a = abandon + Reflexivo + to.* abandonar toda esperanza = give up + hope.* abandonar (toda/la) esperanza = abandon + (all) hope.* abandonar un hábito = stop + habit.* abandonar un lugar = quit + Lugar.* estudiante de bachiller que abandona los estudios = high-school dropout.* estudiante universitario que abandona los estudios = college dropout.* no abandonar = stick with, stand by.* persona que abandona Algo = quitter.* * *abandonar [A1 ]vtA1 ( frml); ‹lugar› to leaveel público abandonó el teatro the audience left the theaterse le concedió un plazo de 48 horas para abandonar el país he was given 48 hours to leave the countrymiles de personas abandonan la capital durante el verano thousands of people leave the capital in the summerlas tropas han comenzado a abandonar el área the troops have started to pull out of o leave the areaabandonó la reunión en señal de protesta he walked out of the meeting in protest2 ‹persona›abandonó a su familia he abandoned o deserted his familylo abandonó por otro she left him for another manabandonó al bebé en la puerta del hospital she abandoned o left the baby at the entrance to the hospitalabandonar a algn A algo to abandon sb TO sthdecidió volver, abandonando al grupo a su suerte he decided to turn back, abandoning the group to its fate3 ‹coche/barco› to abandonB «fuerzas» to desertlas fuerzas lo abandonaron y cayó al suelo his strength deserted him and he fell to the floorla suerte me ha abandonado my luck has run out o deserted menunca lo abandona el buen humor he's always good-humored, his good humor never deserts himC ‹actividad/propósito› to give upabandonó los estudios she abandoned o gave up her studies¿vas a abandonar el curso cuando te falta tan poco? you're not going to drop out of o give up the course at this late stage, are you?abandonó la lucha he gave up the fight, he abandoned the struggleha abandonado toda pretensión de salir elegido he has given up o abandoned any hopes he had of being electedabandonó la terapia he gave up his therapy, he stopped having therapy■ abandonarvi( Dep)1 (antes de iniciarse la carrera, competición) to withdraw, pull out2 (una vez iniciada la carrera, competición) to retire, pull out; (en ajedrez) to resign; (en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat, throw in the towelA(descuidarse): desde que tuvo hijos se ha abandonado since she had her children she's let herself gono te abandones y ve al médico don't neglect your health, go and see the doctorB (entregarse) abandonarse A algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself TO sthse abandonó al ocio she gave herself up to o abandoned herself to a life of leisurese abandonó al sueño he gave in to o succumbed to sleep, he let sleep overcome him, he surrendered to sleep* * *
abandonar ( conjugate abandonar) verbo transitivo
1
‹marido/amante› to leave;
‹coche/barco› to abandon;
2 [ fuerzas] to desert
3
◊ abandonar los estudios to drop out of school/college
verbo intransitivo (Dep)
(en boxeo, lucha) to concede defeat
abandonarse verbo pronominal
1 ( entregarse) abandonarse a algo ‹a vicios/placeres› to abandon oneself to sth
2 ( en el aspecto personal) to let oneself go
abandonar
I verbo transitivo
1 (irse de) to leave, quit: tenemos que vernos hoy, porque mañana abandono Madrid, we've got to see eachother today because I'm leaving Madrid tomorrow
2 (a una persona, a un animal) to abandon
abandonar a alguien a su suerte, to leave someone to his fate
3 (un proyecto, los estudios) to give up
4 Dep (retirarse de una carrera) to drop out of
(un deporte) to drop
II vi (desfallecer) to give up: los resultados no son los esperados, pero no abandones, the results aren't as good as we expected, but don't give up
' abandonar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
dejar
- botar
- plantar
English:
abandon
- back away
- cast aside
- caution
- desert
- drop
- forsake
- free
- give up on
- habit
- idea
- jettison
- leave
- quit
- retire
- scrap
- stand by
- throw in
- walk out
- ditch
- give
- maroon
- stick
- vacate
- walk
* * *♦ vt1. [lugar] to leave;[barco, vehículo] to abandon;abandonó la sala tras el discurso she left the hall after the speech;abandonó su pueblo para trabajar en la ciudad she left her home town for a job in the city;abandonar el barco to abandon ship;¡abandonen el barco! abandon ship!;los cascos azules abandonarán pronto la región the UN peacekeeping troops will soon be pulling out of the region2. [persona] to leave;[hijo, animal] to abandon;abandonó a su hijo she abandoned her son;¡nunca te abandonaré! I'll never leave you!3. [estudios] to give up;[proyecto] to abandon;abandonó la carrera en el tercer año she dropped out of university in her third year, she gave up her studies in her third year;han amenazado con abandonar las negociaciones they have threatened to walk out of the negotiations;han amenazado con abandonar la liga they have threatened to pull out of the league;abandonar la lucha to give up the fight4. [sujeto: suerte, buen humor] to desert;lo abandonaron las fuerzas y tuvo que retirarse his strength gave out and he had to drop out;nunca la abandona su buen humor she never loses her good humour♦ vi1. [en carrera, competición] to pull out, to withdraw;[en ajedrez] to resign; [en boxeo] to throw in the towel;abandonó en el primer asalto his corner threw in the towel in the first round;una avería lo obligó a abandonar en la segunda vuelta a mechanical fault forced him to retire on the second lap2. [rendirse] to give up;no abandones ahora que estás casi al final don't give up now you've almost reached the end* * *I v/tII v/i DEP pull out* * *abandonar vt1) dejar: to abandon, to leave2) : to give up, to quitabandonaron la búsqueda: they gave up the search* * *abandonar vb2. (un sitio) to leave -
13 год литургический
(годовой цикл, в котором определено место религ. праздников и богослужений) the Christian [ecclesiastical, church, liturgical] year; правосл. (начинается с церк. новолетия 1/14 сентября; возникновение такого счисления обычно возводят к 4 в., когда в ознаменование победы Константина Великого над Максентием началось определение времени по индикту, т. е. с сентября; в богослужебном отношении счисление с 1-го сентября есть счисление по минее и месяцеслову, причём на каждый день года литургического приходится память того или другого святого и полагается соответствующая служба) the liturgical year and calendar for the Byzantine Rite, the Byzantine calendar; катол. (начинается с первого воскресенья Адвента, т. е. с первого воскресенья после 30 ноября - Дня св. Андрея) the liturgical year and calendar for the Roman Rite(какое-л.)
время церк. года — liturgical seasonгражданский или календарный год — the artificial year
Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > год литургический
-
14 круг
(суточный, недельный, годовой) (daily, weekly, yearly) cycleкруг (по)вседневный (правосл. суточный круг богослужения) — daily cycle
круг церковный (годового богослужения) — the yearly liturgical cycle, the services for the Christian year, the ecclesiastical [Church's] year
-
15 Education
In Portugal's early history, education was firmly under the control of the Catholic Church. The earliest schools were located in cathedrals and monasteries and taught a small number of individuals destined for ecclesiastical office. In 1290, a university was established by King Dinis (1261-1325) in Lisbon, but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, where it remained. Coimbra University, Portugal's oldest, and once its most prestigious, was the educational cradle of Portugal's leadership. From 1555 until the 18th century, primary and secondary education was provided by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). The Catholic Church's educational monopoly was broken when the Marquis of Pombal expelled the Jesuits in 1759 and created the basis for Portugal's present system of public, secular primary and secondary schools. Pombal introduced vocational training, created hundreds of teaching posts, added departments of mathematics and natural sciences at Coimbra University, and established an education tax to pay for them.During the 19th century, liberals attempted to reform Portugal's educational system, which was highly elitist and emphasized rote memorization and respect for authority, hierarchy, and discipline.Reforms initiated in 1822, 1835, and 1844 were never actualized, however, and education remained unchanged until the early 20th century. After the overthrow of the monarchy on the Fifth of October 1910 by Republican military officers, efforts to reform Portugal's educational system were renewed. New universities were founded in Lisbon and Oporto, a Ministry of Education was established, and efforts were made to increase literacy (illiteracy rates being 80 percent) and to resecularize educational content by introducing more scientific and empirical methods into the curriculum.Such efforts were ended during the military dictatorship (192632), which governed Portugal until the establishment of the Estado Novo (1926-74). Although a new technical university was founded in Lisbon in 1930, little was done during the Estado Novo to modernize education or to reduce illiteracy. Only in 1964 was compulsory primary education made available for children between the ages of 6 and 12.The Revolution of 25 April 1974 disrupted Portugal's educational system. For a period of time after the Revolution, students, faculty, and administrators became highly politicized as socialists, communists, and other groups attempted to gain control of the schools. During the 1980s, as Portuguese politics moderated, the educational system was gradually depoliticized, greater emphasis was placed on learning, and efforts were made to improve the quality of Portuguese schools.Primary education in Portugal consists of four years in the primary (first) cycle and two years in the preparatory, or second, cycle. The preparatory cycle is intended for children going on to secondary education. Secondary education is roughly equivalent to junior and senior high schools in the United States. It consists of three years of a common curriculum and two years of complementary courses (10th and 11th grades). A final year (12th grade) prepares students to take university entrance examinations.Vocational education was introduced in 1983. It consists of a three-year course in a particular skill after the 11th grade of secondary school.Higher education is provided by the four older universities (Lisbon, Coimbra, Oporto, and the Technical University of Lisbon), as well as by six newer universities, one in Lisbon and the others in Minho, Aveiro, Évora, the Algarve, and the Azores. There is also a private Catholic university in Lisbon. Admission to Portuguese universities is highly competitive, and places are limited. About 10 percent of secondary students go on to university education. The average length of study at the university is five years, after which students receive their licentiate. The professoriate has four ranks (professors, associate professors, lecturers, and assistants). Professors have tenure, while the other ranks teach on contract.As Portugal is a unitary state, the educational system is highly centralized. All public primary and secondary schools, universities, and educational institutes are under the purview of the Ministry of Education, and all teachers and professors are included in the civil service and receive pay and pension like other civil servants. The Ministry of Education hires teachers, determines curriculum, sets policy, and pays for the building and upkeep of schools. Local communities have little say in educational matters. -
16 FIMT
f. number of five.* * *or fimmt, f. a number of five: fimtar-tala, u, f. a set of five or multiple of five (as fifteen, fifty, etc.), Bs. i. 190.2. [Swed. femt = a kind of court], a law phrase, a summoning before a court with a notice of five days: a standing phrase in the Norse law, so that the verb fimta means to summon: so, fimtar-grið, n. pl. a truce during a fimt, N. G. L. i. 342, 351; fimmtar-nafn, n. a citation with a fimt’s notice, 86; fimmtar-stefna, u, f. a citation before a court with a fimt’s notice, K. Á. 184: the phrase gera e-m fimt simply means to summon, N. G. L. i. 346, passim; one fimt is the shortest notice for summoning, five fimts the longest,—fimm fimtum hit lengsta, ef hann veit nær þing skal vera, 21:—the law provides that no summoning shall take place on Tuesday, because in that case the court-day would fall on Sunday, the day of summoning not being counted, N. G. L., Jb., and K. Á. passim.—This law term is very curious, and seems to be a remnant of the old heathen division of time into fimts (pentads), each month consisting of six such weeks; the old heathen year would then have consisted of seventy-two fimts, a holy number, as composed of 2 × 36 and 6 × 12. With the introduction of the names of the planetary days (vide dagr) and the Christian week, the old fimt only remained in law and common sayings; thus in Hm. 73,—‘there are many turns of the weather in five days (viz. a fimt), but more in a month,’ which would be unintelligible unless we bear in mind that a fimt just answered to our week; or verse 50,—‘among bad friends love flames high for five days, but is slaked when the sixth comes;’ in a few cases, esp. in ecclesiastical law, sjaund (hebdomad) is substituted for the older fimt, N. G. L. passim; it is curious that in Icel. law (Grág.) the fimt scarcely occurs, as in Icel. the modern week seems to have superseded the old at an early time.COMPDS: Fimtardómr, Fimtardómseiðr, Fimtardómslög, Fimtardómsmal, Fimtardomsstefna, Fimtardómssök, fimtarþing. -
17 HUNDRAÐ
(pl. hundruð), n. hundred; tírœtt h. = 100; tólfrœtt h. = 120; hundruðum, by (in) hundreds; as value, one hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal; h. frítt, a hundred paid in cattle; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark-striped wadmal; hundrað silfrs, ? the silver value of 120 ells (= 20 ounces).* * *n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q. v.) only occurs in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G. hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllable is prob. akin to - ræðr in átt-ræðr]:—a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teutonic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred (= 12 × 10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says,—hundrað tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið, en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd hafi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærdómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s. v. Hundrað (fine): but with the introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two being distinguished by adjectives,—tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and tírætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal system continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in all law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e. g. Íb. ch. 1, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flocks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody knows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and in computation, e. g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year consists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or full hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, Íb. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (about A. D. 1200) ‘tíræð’ is expressively added, lest duodecimal hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a statement (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i. e. from about 874–997 A. D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i. e. from about A. D. 874–1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by duodecimal hundreds, e. g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hirð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all ‘two hundred’ men, i. e. 240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork. l. c.2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a verse).II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, see hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indefinitely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum, Dipl. iv. 10.B. As value, a hundred, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuff wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in English). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxed by hundreds; thus an estate is a ‘twenty, sixty, hundred’ estate; a franklin gives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the absolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e. g. a milch cow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a kúgildi (cow’s value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pauper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phrase, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hundred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used,—the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tale, i. e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, called hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain, unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty ounces (i. e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce (N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phrase ‘three ells to an ounce’ (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, passim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer either to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500 is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are often added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one, but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus a single weregild (the fine for a man’s life) was one hundred, Njála passim.2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattle, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in dark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok í húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapall, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed, etc., of a hundred’s value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3, 30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred’s value, 68. For references see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent’s Essay in Burnt Njal.C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hundreds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred, Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm’s Rechts Alterthümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably the Roman writer’s misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds; this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hunda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i. e. a combination of four, eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hundred and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in Icel. -
18 Hansom, Joseph Aloysius
SUBJECT AREA: Land transport[br]b. 26 October 1803 York, Englandd. 29 June 1883 Fulham, London, England[br]English architect and inventor, originator of the Hansom cab.[br]In 1816 he was apprenticed to his father, who was a joiner. After a year his abilities in design and construction were so marked that it was decided that he would have more scope as an architect. He was accordingly apprenticed to a Mr Phillips in York, becoming a clerk to Phillips in 1820. While he served his time he also worked on his own account and taught at a night school. In 1825 he married Hannah Glover and settled in Halifax, where he became Assistant to another architect. In 1828 he became a partner of Edward Welch, with whom he built a number of churches in the north of England. He designed the Town Hall for Birmingham and was responsible for the constructional work until 1833, but he had to become bond because the builders caused him to become bankrupt. He was appointed Manager of the business affairs of Dempster Hemming of Caldicote Hall, which included the landed estates, banking and coal-mining. It was during this period that he designed the "Patent Safety Cab" named after him and popular in Victorian days. The safety element consisted in lowering the centre of gravity by the use of the cranked axle. Hansom sold his rights for £10,000 to a company proposing to exploit the patent, but he was never paid, for the company got into difficulties; Hansom became its temporary Manager in 1839 and put matters right, for which he was paid £300, all he ever made out of the Hansom Cab. In 1842 he brought out the first issue of The Builder, but lack of capital caused him to retire from the journal. He devoted himself from then on to domestic and ecclesiastical architecture, designing many churches, colleges, convents and schools all over Britain and even in Australia and South America. Of note is St Walburga's church, Preston, Lancashire, whose spire is 306 ft (93 m) high. At various times he was in partnership with his younger brother, his eldest son, and with E.W.Pugin with whom he had a disagreement. He was a Catholic and much of his work was for the Catholic Church.[br]Further Reading1882, The Builder (8 July).1882, Illustrated London News (15 July).IMcNBiographical history of technology > Hansom, Joseph Aloysius
См. также в других словарях:
ecclesiastical year — see under ↑year • • • Main Entry: ↑ecclesia ecclesiastical year The year as arranged in the ecclesiastical calendar, with the saints days, festivals, etc • • • Main Entry: ↑year … Useful english dictionary
Ecclesiastical Year — See Christian Year … American Church Dictionary and Cyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Feasts — Ecclesiastical Feasts † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Ecclesiastical Feasts (Lat. Festum; Gr. heorte). Feast Days, or Holy Days, are days which are celebrated in commemoration of the sacred mysteries and events recorded in the history… … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Seminary — Ecclesiastical Seminary † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Ecclesiastical Seminary I. TERMINOLOGY The word seminary (Fr. séminaire, Ger. Seminar) is sometimes used, especially in Germany, to designate a group of university students devoted … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Abbreviations — Ecclesiastical Abbreviations † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Ecclesiastical Abbreviations The words most commonly abbreviated at all times are proper names, titles (official or customary), of persons or corporations, and words of frequent… … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Buildings — • This term comprehends all constructions erected for the celebration of liturgical acts, whatever be the name given to them, church, chapel, oratory, and basilica Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Ecclesiastical Buildings … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Conferences — Ecclesiastical Conferences † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Ecclesiastical Conferences Ecclesiastical Conferences are meetings of clerics for the purpose of discussing, in general, matters pertaining to their state of life, and, in… … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Annals — Ecclesiastical Annals † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Ecclesiastical Annals The historical literature of the Middle Ages may be classed under three general heads: chronicles, annals, and lives of the saints. CHRONICLES Chronicles… … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical Letters — Ecclesiastical Letters † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Ecclesiastical Letters (LITTERÆ ECCLESIASTICÆ) Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, more particularly … Catholic encyclopedia
Ecclesiastical letter — Ecclesiastical letters are publications or announcements of the organs of Roman Catholic ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, but more particularly of pope and bishops, addressed to the faithful in the form of letters. Letters of the Popes… … Wikipedia
Ecclesiastical history (Catholicism) — Ecclesiastical history, for the Roman Catholic Church, is the history of the Roman Catholic Church as an institution, written from a particular perspective. There is a traditional approach to such historiography. The generally identified starting … Wikipedia